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Editor-in-chief
Maria Stella Graziani

Deputy Director
Martina Zaninotto

Associate Editors
Ferruccio Ceriotti
Davide Giavarina
Bruna Lo Sasso
Giampaolo Merlini
Martina Montagnana
Andrea Mosca
Paola Pezzati
Rossella Tomaiuolo
Matteo Vidali

EIC Assistant
Francesco Busardò

International Advisory Board Khosrow Adeli Canada
Sergio Bernardini Italy
Marcello Ciaccio Italy
Eleftherios Diamandis Canada
Philippe Gillery France
Kjell Grankvist Sweden
Hans Jacobs The Netherlands
Eric Kilpatrick UK
Magdalena Krintus Poland
Giuseppe Lippi Italy
Mario Plebani Italy
Sverre Sandberg Norway
Ana-Maria Simundic Croatia
Tommaso Trenti Italy
Cas Weykamp The Netherlands
Maria Willrich USA
Paul Yip Canada


Publisher
Biomedia srl
Via L. Temolo 4, 20126 Milano

Responsible Editor
Giuseppe Agosta

Editorial Secretary
Chiara Riva
Biomedia srl
Via L. Temolo 4, 20126 Milano
Tel. 0245498282
email: biochimica.clinica@sibioc.it

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ISSN print: 0393 – 0564
ISSN digital: 0392- 7091



BC: Articoli scritti da B. Lo Sasso

Evaluation of a panel of polymorphisms in vitamin D-related genes, vitamin D status and Multiple Sclerosis
Evaluation of a panel of polymorphisms in vitamin D-related genes, vitamin D status and Multiple Sclerosis
<p><span style="color:#333333; font-family:arial,sans-serif; font-size:10.0pt">Introduction: the role of hypovitaminosis D as risk factor for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is well known. Vitamin D status</span> is the result of the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes codifying for molecules involved in vitamin D pathway have been associated with an increased risk of MS. However, few studies evaluated the association of these SNPs with MS severity. The aim of this study was to investigate the association among a panel of vitamin D-related SNPs, vitamin D status, and MS severity. Methods: one hundred MS patients were enrolled in the study. Serum 25(OH)D3 levels and genotyping of SNPs in vitamin D-related genes were evaluated in all patients by high-performance liquid chromatography or real-time polymerase chain reaction. MS severity was assessed by Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS). Results: three SNPs of the NADSYN1 gene, namely rs3829251, rs7944926 and rs12785878, and the rs2248137 SNP of the CYP24A1 gene were significantly associated with 25(OH)D3 levels. However, neither serum 25(OH)D3 levels nor the SNPs of the NADSYN1 or of the CYP24A1 genes were associated with disease severity. Discussion: in this study, we assessed the hypothesis that the presence of SNPs in vitamin D-related genes could influence MS severity. However, the statistical analysis indicates that there is no correlation between the severity of the disease and the polymorphisms considered.</p>
Biochimica Clinica ; 46(2) 122-125
Contributi Scientifici - Scientific Papers
 
SARS-CoV-2: nuove prospettive della diagnostica di laboratorio
SARS-CoV-2: new perspectives for the clinical laboratory diagnostics
<p>The new Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and different degrees of severity, ranging from asymptomatic/mild symptoms to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and Multiple Organ Failure (MOF), potentially life-threatening. The clinical course of COVID-19 includes usually three stages. The first stage, defined as &ldquo;early infection&rdquo;, occurs at the time of virus infiltration in the lung parenchyma, via the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in ciliated bronchial epithelial cells. The second step, the &ldquo;pulmonary phase&rdquo;, is characterized by viral pneumonia with localized inflammation within the lung. The third stage, the &ldquo;hyperinflammation phase&rdquo;, is the most severe because of the development of a systemic inflammation and cytokine overproduction leading to ARDS and MOF.<br />In this complex contest, the laboratory can provide a strong support for the appropriate clinical management of COVID-19 for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of the disease. Current research focuses on the potential role of immune and/or inflammatory biomarkers as useful tools in COVID-19 patients. In this narrative review, we will provide an overview about some of these biomarkers: procalcitonin, mid regional-pro adrenomedullin, presepsin, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor, ACE2, interleukin-6 and vitamin D.</p>
Biochimica Clinica ; 44(4) 023-024
COVID-19 - COVID-19
 
Catene leggere libere nella diagnostica liquorale della sclerosi multipla: possibile alternativa alla ricerca delle bande oligoclonali?
Free light chains in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: an alternative to oligoclonal bands?
<p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common causes of neurological disability in young adults. MS presents heterogeneous clinical manifestations and both genetic and environmental factors are considered involved in the risk of developing the disease. The clinical diagnosis is rather complex reflecting the heterogeneity of the pathology. The diagnostic criteria, frequently modified over the years, require clinical symptoms, presence of typical lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory findings. The laboratory examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) allows an evaluation of inflammatory processes confined to the central nervous system reflecting the changes in the immunological pattern due to the progression of the pathology, playing thus an important role in the diagnosis and monitoring of MS. The detection of the oligoclonal bands (OCBs) is recognized as a &ldquo;gold standard&rdquo; for laboratory diagnosis of MS, although it suffers from methodological limitations. Indeed, OCBs assay is a manual multistep procedure, time-consuming that requires a subjective interpretation. In the last years, the measurement of the free light chains (FLC) in CSF appeared to assist in the diagnosis of MS. This procedure has been presented as a simpler and cheaper tool than the qualitative detection of OCBs. This article examines the current knowledge about the laboratory diagnostic of CSF, investigating both the validated method (OCBs) and the alternative biomarkers of immunoglobulins intrathecal synthesis, as the quantification of FLC in CSF.</p>
Biochimica Clinica ; 44(2) 157-167
Opinioni - Opinions
 
Galectin-3 and Lp(a) plasma concentrations and advanced carotid atherosclerotic plaques: correlation with plaque presence and features
<p>Introduction: atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity worldwide. It consists in thedevelopment of plaques in the intima media layers of arteries due to lipid accumulation and oxidation, causingmassive inflammation. We aim to better understand the role of Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] aspossible peripheral markers of plaque presence.<br />Methods: Gal-3 and Lp(a) were measured in plasma samples from 99 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomyand 78 healthy controls, by immunometric assays. Plaques were classified histologically, according to the AmericanHeart Association (AHA) guidelines as type Va (fibroatheroma), Vb (mainly calcific) and Vl (complicated lesion).<br />Results: Gal-3 and Lp(a) plasma levels are higher in patients compared to controls [19.8 ng/mL (SD 5.8) vs 14.0ng/mL (3.6)], p&lt;0.0001 and 8.4 mg/dL (IQR 4.0-25.1) vs 4.7 mg/dL (2.4-12.7), p=0.0003, respectively). Analysis ofROC curves confirmed the discriminating power of these markers obtaining an area under the curve of 0.806(p&lt;0.0001) for Gal-3 and 0.657 (p=0.0001) for Lp(a). At multivariate logistic regression, Gal-3 and Lp(a) plasma levelswere associated with plaque presence independently of each other as well as of age, sex, LDL-C levels and previousmyocardial infarction with an odds ratio of 1.22 (95%CI 1.08-1.38, p=0.002) and 1.05 (1.00-1.09, p=0.048)respectively. No differences of Gal-3 and Lp(a) plasma levels were observed among the plaque types.<br />Conclusion: our data showed that Gal-3 and Lp(a) are reliable markers of advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Theabsence of differences among the different lesion types suggests that the increase of Gal-3 and Lp(a) is independentof the specific plaque features.</p>
Biochimica Clinica ; 43(3) 289-295
Contributi Scientifici - Scientific Papers
 
Un nuovo ruolo del CYP2R1nella sclerosi multipla
A new role of CYP2R1 in multiple sclerosis
<p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease resulting from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Among these, vitamin D and genetic variants associated with vitamin D metabolism have gained great attention. The aim of our study was to assess two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP2R1 in relation to serum 25-OH-vitamin D3 levels in MS patients and healthy controls. 25-OH-vitamin D3 serum concentrations and genotyping of CYP2R1-SNPs gene were analysed both in MS patients and in healthy controls. In particular, rs10741657 and rs10766197 of CYP2R1 gene were assessed by real-time allelic discrimination Taq-Man assay (Applied Biosystems, Forster City, USA); 25-OH-vitamin D3 serum concentration was measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Statistical analysis was performed by a SPSS software (version 13.0). The analysis of the obtained results showed lower 25-OH-vitamin D3 concentrations in MS patients than in controls. When comparing genotype distribution and allele frequencies of the two selected SNPs between cases and controls, significant differences were observed only for CYP2R1 rs10766197. Minor allele of CYP2R1 rs10766197 (A) was significantly represented in MS patients, demonstrating an association of allele A to MS. Analysis of the CYP2R1 rs10766197 distribution in MS patients showed that patients carrying the genotype AA had a trend of lower levels of 25-OH-vitamin D3 in comparison to those with genotype GG or GA, although not statistically significant. Moreover, after stratifying MS patients according to gender, we found that the minor allele A of rs10766197 in homozygosis was associated with disease progression, assessed by Expanded Disability Status Scale and Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score scores, only in men. Our study demonstrates a role of CYP2R1 in both risk and progression of MS, with sex-related differences</p>
Biochimica Clinica ; 42(4) 294-299
Contributi Scientifici - Scientific Paper
 
Efficacia e utilità del monitoraggio terapeutico di autoanticorpi e farmaci inibitori del Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha in pazienti in trattamento per patologie autoimmuni
Therapeutic monitoring of autoantibodies Tumor Necrosis Factor α inhibitor drugs: efficacy and benefit for patients with autoimmune diseases
<p>Therapeutic monitoring of autoantibodies Tumor Necrosis Factor &alpha; inhibitor drugs: efficacy and benefit for patients with autoimmune diseases. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&alpha;) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Chron&rsquo;s disease and ulcerative colitis. TNF&alpha; inhibitors (anti-TNF&alpha;) are monoclonal antibodies drugs directed against TNF&alpha; (i.e. adalimumab, infliximab, etarnecept, golimumab and certolizumab). Their effect consists in reducing the inflammatory response of autoimmune diseases. Several randomized controlled trials and observational studies evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs and reported a clear benefit for patients affected by chronic inflammatory disease treated with anti-TNF&alpha;, but also a high risk of reactions and infections in the injection site. These drugs are immunogenic, and consequent anti-drug antibodies (ADA) formation may decrease the functional drug concentration resulting in a loss of response. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of ADA on therapeutic response through meta-analyses, showing that detectable ADA significantly reduced TNF&alpha; inhibitors response. ADA could interfere with drugs and compromise their effects, so the determination of serum ADA levels could improve the patient&rsquo;s management. Even if the decrease of therapeutic response, due to ADA production, is well documented, the clinical benefit of serum ADA determination remains unclear. At the moment, there are many indications about the use of immunogenicity test to guide the therapy, but more information should be acquired before implementing this test in clinical practice.</p>
Biochimica Clinica ; 42(3) 266-273
Documenti SIBioC - SIBioC Documents
 
Glycated albumin is correlated to insulin resistance and β-cell secretory function in subjects at risk of developing diabetes
<p>Insulin resistance and &beta;-cell secretory function represent two main issues in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Conflicting results have been obtained about the association between glycated albumin (GA) and body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance and &beta;-cell function in diabetic patients. Actually, the relationship (if any) between GA and the markers of glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in subjects at risk of developing diabetes, has not been completely elucidated yet. Two hundred and one patients undergoing to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were enrolled in the study. Routine laboratory tests, including fasting insulin, were performed at enrollment. GA was measured on plasma-EDTA by quantILab<sup>&reg;</sup> Glycated Albumin (Instrumentation Laboratory, A Werfen Company) on ILab Taurus analyzer. According to the plasma glucose concentration measured after 2 hours of glucose intake (2h- PG), 13 subjects (6.4%) were classified as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). GA weakly correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (r=0.21; P=0.002), with HbA1c (r=0.16; P=0.024) but not with 2h-PG (P=0.7). GA, but not HbA1c, was negatively correlated to HOmeostasis Model Assessment for &beta; cell fuction (HOMA-&beta;) (r<sup>2</sup>=0.23; P&lt;0.001), to HOMA for insulin resistence (HOMA-IR) (r<sup>2</sup>=0.15; P&lt;0.0001) and to BMI (r<sup>2</sup>=0.05; P=0.001). In a stepwise multivariate regression analysis including HbA1c, HOMA-&beta;, plasma albumin, BMI, eGFR, age, FPG, and HOMA-IR as predictors of GA, only HbA1c (&beta;-coefficient: 0.04; P=0.038) and HOMA-&beta; (&beta;-coefficient: -0.01; P&lt;0.0001) were able to predict GA levels (r<sup>2</sup>=0.26; P&lt;0.001 for the model). Our results demonstrated that GA was associated to HOMA-&beta; and, to a lesser extent, to HOMA-IR and BMI. The increase of GA values can be explained by the reduction of &beta;-cell secretory function in subjects with no significant increase of FPG and 2h-PG.</p>
Biochimica Clinica ; 42(3) 234-239
Contributi Scientifici - Scientific papers
 
Incremento acuto di troponina I in assenza di malattia coronarica ostruttiva: un caso di sindrome di Takotsubo
Acute troponin I increase in absence of obstructive coronary disease: a case of Takotsubo syndrome
C. Bellia  |  B. Lo Sasso  |  L. Agnello  |  G. Bivona  |  G. Novo  |  M. Ciaccio  | 
<p>A 66-year-old woman was admitted to the Emergency Department of Policlinico P. Giaccone, in Palermo, for nonradiating chest pain that occurred after an emotional stress. Her medical history included a positive family history for cardiovascular disease, arterial hypertension, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, and anxiety-depressive syndrome. Upon admission, the electrocardiogram showed diffuse ST-T abnormalities with an elevation of the ST segment; Troponin I was 3790 ng/L, creatine phosphokinase was 374 U/L, which became normal within 48 hours. No evidence of significant coronary artery stenosis was detected on the angiography. The echocardiogram showed apical akinesia and hyperkinesia of the basal segments of left ventricle, with moderately impaired ventricular function (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, LVEF=43%). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ruled out myocarditis and confirmed the diagnosis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Supportive therapy with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors, spironolactone and acetylsalicylic acid was initiated. After 30 days, the echocardiogram showed a complete recovery of left ventricular function. Takotsubo syndrome was diagnosed based on instrumental, clinical and biochemical findings.</p>
Biochimica Clinica ; 41(3) e19-e21
Casi clinici - Case report
 
Identificazione e caratterizzazione di mutazioni in regioni regolatorie del gene malattia della fibrosi cistica
Identification and characterization of mutations in regulatory regions of cystic fibrosis disease gene
<p>Mutation&nbsp;epidemiology is crucial for cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnosis and counselling. ~6%-7% of alleles from CF patients do not bear&nbsp;mutations in the coding regions of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) disease gene. In these&nbsp;patients, mutations may be present in non-coding, regulatory regions of the gene as i) intronic regions (particularly in&nbsp;high conserved sequences), ii) the promoter region or iii) the area at the 3&rsquo; of the gene, which is the target of microRNA&nbsp;regulation. We studied these regions by gene sequencing in a group of CF patients with one or both unidentified&nbsp;mutations after the analysis of CFTR coding regions, and in a group of CF patients with a different clinical expression of&nbsp;disease to evaluate if mutations in such regions may have a role in modulating CF clinical expression. Our analysis&nbsp;revealed: i) a dozen of mutations (most novel) in the large promoter area of 6000 bp at the 5&rsquo; of the gene; expression&nbsp;studies in four cell lines demonstrated that a half of such mutations may have a pathogenic effect; ii) a series of mutations&nbsp;in 52 conserved sequence tags (CSTs), i.e. intronic regions with a high homology between humans and mouse;&nbsp;expression studies revealed the pathogenic effect of one of these mutations; iii) finally, three mutations in the 1500 bp&nbsp;region at the 3&rsquo; of the gene; one of this has a pathogenic role, enhancing the interaction of CFTR with two inhibitory&nbsp;microRNAs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of such pathogenic mechanism in a monogenic&nbsp;disorder. On the contrary, no mutations were identified in patients with different clinical expression in any of the three<br />non-coding regions. To conclude, the sequencing of non coding regions may improve the detection rate of molecular&nbsp;analysis in CF, but functional studies are required to define the pathogenic effect of novel mutations.</p>
Biochimica Clinica ; 37(6) 465-469
Contributi scientifici - Scientific papers
 
Polimorfismo I/D del gene per l’enzima di conversione dell’angiotensina (ACE): gene della longevità o fattore di rischio nella patologia ipertensiva?
Polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene: longevity gene or risk factor in hypertensive disease?
<p>In recent decades, the increase in life expectancy stimulated the study of aging processes and the search for&nbsp;candidate genes involved in longevity. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), present in all endothelial cells, plays&nbsp;an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis of blood flow by regulating the production of the vasoconstrictor&nbsp;angiotensin II and inactivating the bradykinin. Some studies reported a possible association between the polymorphism&nbsp;I/D of ACE gene and either hypertension and longevity. The present study was aimed to confirm these data. We studied&nbsp;two large cohorts of nonagenarians and centenarians. One was from Sardinia (200 subjects, 88 males, mean age: 96&nbsp;years) and their data were compared to a group of 222 subjects (106 males, mean age: 44 years) from the general&nbsp;population of the same geographic area. The latter group of longeve subjects (161 subjects, 71 males, mean age: 97&nbsp;years) was from Southern Italy. Furthermore, we studied 146 hypertensive patients (98 males, mean age: 51 years) and&nbsp;172 normotensive subjects (86 males, mean age: 33 years) from Southern Italy. The ACE I/D polymorphism was typed&nbsp;by polymerase chain reaction; the amplified 490 bp (allele I) and 190 bp (allele D) were visualized on 2% agarose gel.&nbsp;Hypertensive subjects had a significantly different distribution of ACE genotypes as compared to normotensive ones&nbsp;(P=0.001) and a higher frequency of the D/D genotype. Long-lived subjects from Sardinia showed a significantly different&nbsp;distribution of ACE genotypes as compared to subjects from the general population of the same geographic area (P&nbsp;&lt;0.001), to long-lived subjects from Southern Italy (P &lt;0.001), to hypertensive patients (P=0.011) and to normotensive&nbsp;subjects from Southern Italy (P &lt;0.001). Surprisingly, they had the highest frequency of the D/D genotype among the&nbsp;compared groups. Our study indicates that: i) centenarians of different ethnic origin have a different genetic background,&nbsp;ii) there is a possible association between longevity and allelic variants of ACE, even if only in specific ethnic groups (i.e.,&nbsp;Sardinian) and iii) ACE polymorphisms are a predisposing factor to hypertension.</p>
Biochimica Clinica ; 37(6) 461-464
Contributi scientifici - Scientific papers